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accessory organs
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(ak-ses�or-ee)
structures
which aid in the digestive process - tongue, teeth,
salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gall bladder.
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alimentary canal
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(ali-men�tar-ee)
the
continuous tract from mouth to
anus through which food moves during the
process of digestion.
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ampulla of Vater
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(am-pew'ler of
var'ter)
dilated section of the common bile duct when it is joined
by the pancreatic duct.
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anal canal
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(ay�nul)
the passageway
from the rectum to the
anus; terminal portion of
the intestinal tract, about 25 to 35 mm long.
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anal sphincter
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(ay�nul sfink'ter)
the
ring-like muscle that controls the opening of the
anus.
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anus
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(ay�nus)
the opening of
the alimentary canal to
the exterior at the end of the
anal canal.
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appendix
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(ap-pen�diks)
blind,
worm-like pouch found at the
caecum; has no known role in digestion.
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ascending colon
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first part of the colon, from the caecum to the hepatic flexure.
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bile
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fluid secreted by the liver, stored in the gall bladder, and emptied
into the small intestine
where it assists in absorption of fats.
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bile duct
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the channel running from the
gall bladder to the duodenum that carries bile; consists of the cystic and hepatic ducts and the
common bile duct.
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bowel
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term covering the large and small intestines.
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caecum
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(see�kum)
first portion
of the large intestine;
the ileum joins the caecum at a right angle,
and the appendix is
attached to the caecum.
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chyme
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(kime)
semiliquid material
resulting from action of digestive juices on food in
the stomach.
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colon
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(koh�lon)
second portion
of the large intestine
which is subdivided into four sections: ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon and sigmoid colon.
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convoluted
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(kon-voh-loo'ted)
tortuously structured with multiple folds.
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cystic duct
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(sis'tik)
the tube that
links the gall bladder to
the hepatic duct to form
the common bile duct.
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descending colon
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third part of the colon, from the splenic flexure to the
sigmoid colon.
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digestion
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(di-jes'chun)
process by
which ingested food is converted for absorption and
used as nutrients for body cells.
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digestive system
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(di-jes�tiv)
the group of
structures concerned with the process of digestion (
alimentary canal and
accessory organs).
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duodenum
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(dyoo-o-dee�num)
first
portion of small intestine
, about 250 mm long, extending from the stomach to the jejunum.
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elimination
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(ee-lim-in-ay�shun)
removal of waste materials from the body.
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epiglottis
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(ep-i-glot�iss)
lid which
covers and closes the larynx
during swallowing to prevent entry of food
into lungs.
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frenulum
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(fren'yoo-lum)
fold of
mucous membrane under the
tongue which attaches it to the floor of the mouth.
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gall bladder
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(gawl blad'er)
small sac
in which bile made by the
liver is stored until
needed in the duodenum
for fat digestion.
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gastric fluid
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(gas'trik)
digestive juices
produced by glands in the
stomach wall to convert solid food to a
semiliquid state.
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gums
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(gumz)
the soft tissue
surrounding the teeth, also called the gingiva.
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hepatic duct
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(hep-at'ik)
the tube that
runs from the liver to
the common bile duct.
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hepatic flexure
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(hep-at'ik flek'shur)
a
bend in the colon at the
junction of the ascending colon
and transverse colon
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ileum
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(il�i-um)
the third
portion of the small intestine
which joins the caecum
at a right angle.
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ingestion
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(in-jes�chun)
act of
taking food into the body via the mouth.
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intestine, large
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(in-tes�tin)
lower
portion of the intestinal tract, about 1.5 m long,
consisting of the caecum,
appendix, colon,
rectum, anal canal
, anal sphincter
and anus.
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intestine, small
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(in-tes�tin)
upper portion
of the intestinal tract, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, which extends from
the stomach to the caecum and is about 7 m
long; most of the process of digestion and
absorption takes place in the
small intestine.
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jejunum
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(je-joo�num)
second
portion of the small intestine
extending from the
duodenum to the ileum
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large intestine
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see
intestine, large.
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lips
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upper and lower margins of the
mouth; each composed of a layer of skin and mucous membrane, between
which lies a considerable amount of fat and muscle
fibres.
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liver
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(liv�er)
large organ
located in the upper right portion of the abdominal
cavity; produces bile for
fat digestion and plays other important roles in
digestion.
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lymphatic system
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(limf-at'ik)
a one-way
drainage system which assists in distributing
nutrients to cells and returns waste fluids from
tissues to the bloodstream.
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mastication
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(mas-ti-kay�shun)
the act
of chewing.
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maxilla
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(maks-ill'er)
bone of the
upper jaw.
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mouth
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the opening of the alimentary canal containing
the tongue and the teeth.
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nutrient
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(new�tree-ent)
a
substance which provides nourishment to body cells.
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oesophagus
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(ee-sof�ah-gus)
tube-like
passageway which connects the
pharynx to the
stomach.
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orifice
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(or�i-fis)
an opening.
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pancreas
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(pan�kree-as)
a gland
which is both endocrine
and exocrine; located
behind the stomach, the
pancreas produces secretions concerned with
digestion.
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pancreatic duct
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(pan-kree-at'ik)
passage
leading from the pancreas
into the duodenum.
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peritoneum
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(pe-rit-on-ee'um)
a large
protective membrane that surrounds many of the
organs in the abdomen and
pelvic regions.
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pharynx
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(fa�rinks)
cavity common
to the digestive system and the respiratory system
by which food passes from the mouth to the oesophagus.
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pylorus
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(pi-law'rus)
the lower
opening of the stomach
which opens into the duodenum
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rectum
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(rek�tum)
portion of the
intestinal tract which connects the sigmoid colon to the anus; the rectum is about
130 mm long.
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salivary glands
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(sa-ly'ver-ee)
oral
glands which secrete saliva to start chemical
digestion and to moisten food to facilitate
swallowing.
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sigmoid colon
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(sig'moyd koh�lon)
S-shaped
terminal part of the descending
colon, leading to the rectum.
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small intestine
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see
intestine, small.
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sphincter of Oddi
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(sfink'ter)
the sheath of
muscle fibres which controls the flow of fluids from
the ampulla of Vater into
the duodenum.
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splenic flexure
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(splen'ik flek'shur)
a bend
in the colon at the
junction of the transverse colon
and descending colon
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stomach
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(stum'uk)
the saclike organ
between the oesophagus
and duodenum, which acts
as a reservoir for food while digestive enzymes and
hydrochloric acid act on it.
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sublingual glands
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(sub-lin'gwal)
salivary glands below the
tongue.
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submandibular glands
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(sub-man-dib'yoo-ler)
salivary glands on the
inner side of the lower jaw.
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tonsils
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(ton'suls)
masses of
lymphoid tissue on either side of the back of the
mouth; concerned with protection against infection.
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tooth
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hard calcified structure set
in the alveolar processes of the jaw; used for
biting and masticating of food.
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transverse colon
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(tranz-vers'
koh�lon)
second part of the
colon, from the
hepatic flexure to the splenic flexure.
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upper digestive tract
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the
alimentary canal and associated organs
from the mouth to the small
intestine.
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uvula
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(yoov'yoo-ler)
small mass
of muscle covered by mucous
membrane hanging from the soft palate
above the root of the tongue.
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